ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Many large bridges in Tokyo metropolitan area were designed and constructed before the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake. The near-field ground motions measured during the 1995 Kobe Earthquake were extremely severe and much larger than that specified in the bridge design codes at that time. The bridge seismic design code was later revised to prepare the ground motions experienced in Kobe, and accordingly seismic retrofit program of bridges has also started.
