ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 5.1 Introduction 120 5.2Cardiovascular Biomaterials120
5.2.1Clinical Problem 120 5.2.2Biomaterials for Cardiovascular Repair and Replacement 122
5.2.2.1Stents 122 5.2.2.2Blood Vessel Replacement 123 5.2.2.3Heart Valve Replacement124
5.3Musculoskeletal Biomaterials 124 5.3.1Bone: …e Clinical Problem 124
5.3.1.1Design Criteria for Bone Repair Materials 126 5.3.1.2Biomaterials Currently Used for Bone Repair and Regeneration126
5.3.2Cartilage: …e Clinical Problem127 5.3.2.1Design Criteria for Cartilage Replacement 129 5.3.2.2Historical and Current Biomaterials Used for Cartilage Repair 129
5.3.3Tendon and Ligament: …e Clinical Problem 130 5.3.3.1Design Criteria for Tendon and Ligament Replacement 130 5.3.3.2Historical and Currently Used Biomaterials for Tendon
and Ligament Repair131 5.3.4Muscle: …e Clinical Problem 131
5.3.4.1Design Criteria for Muscle Repair and Replacement132 5.3.4.2Historical and Currently Used Biomaterials for
Muscle Repair/Replacement133 5.4Dental Biomaterials 133
5.4.1Clinical Problem 133 5.4.2Design Criteria for Dental Biomaterials 135 5.4.3Historical and Current Dental Biomaterials 136 5.4.4Regenerative Engineering of Dental Tissues138
5.5Biomaterials for Neural Repair and Replacement 138 5.5.1Clinical Problem 139 5.5.2Design Criteria for Nerve Repair and Replacement 140
120
5.1 INTRODUCTION Over the last 60 years, modern biomaterials have evolved from industrial materials with an inert surface to sophisticated designs that recognize and inšuence biological response. While cell-free biomaterials are not the physiological tissue replacement that is the goal of regenerative engineering, they do represent an ever-improving standard of care against which engineered tissues must be judged. …is chapter describes the fundamental clinical problems that drive the need for biomaterials in musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, ophthalmic, dental, neural, and skin diseases and injury. Design criteria for biomaterials in each area are described. A summary of the historical and current biomaterials used in each clinical application is provided. Overall, this chapter explains how biomaterials have been applied in contemporary therapy. Only the future will determine if the current use of biomaterials becomes a historical phase in the transition to regenerative engineering or, with continuing sophistication of designs, remains a mainstay of treatment.
