ABSTRACT
After performing the basic physical examination, a specific and detailed evaluation of the head and mouth is carried out. External evaluation includes observation and palpation of the temporomandibular joint (18), the cheek overlying sharp enamel points of the buccal aspect of the maxillary cheek teeth (19), alignment of the incisors and their manner of occlusion, alignment and symmetry of the head and arcades, and any lumps, enlargements, or depressions in the region of the teeth. Nasal passages are evaluated for discharge and any abnormal odors are noted. In most cases, the owner will present the patient for abnormalities found on external examination. Any abnormalities are charted, the most common of which are found by pain elicited on palpation or movement.
