Agroforestry Adaptation and Mitigation Options for Smallholder Farmers Vulnerable to Climate Change

Well-documented, ongoing changes in the mean and variability of climate have led to great concern over agricultural sustainability and production under future climate scenarios (IPCC 2013). Many crops are sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation and frequently have a narrow threshold for production success, such that threshold events that occur during key developmental stages of the crop can lead to production failure (Gregory and Ingram 2000; Mendoza and Villanueva 1997; Oram 1989).