ABSTRACT
Urethrocystoscopy helps in the appraisal of urethral and bladder anatomic anomalies, most of the time secondary to complications such as urethral strictures, trabeculations, bladder stones, and diverticula. A global view of the urethra permits the confirmation of penile urethra integrity in men. The degree of opening of the neurogenic bladder neck cannot be adequately evaluated by cystoscopy. Cystoscopy remains the only way to detect suspicious lesions such as bladder carcinoma. Patients with urinary drainage from a suprapubic catheter deserve special mention based on the additional clinical scenarios and technical aspects associated with evaluation of the lower urinary tract. Continent urinary diversion is a common urinary reconstructive technique used after cystectomy. Diversions can be categorized as cutaneous continent diversions or orthotopic diversions.
