ABSTRACT
Environmental factors that affect fish and shellfish can be identified, and their principal elements are listed in Figure 2. The diagram includes most of the principal sources of stress for aquatic organisms and also illustrates the extent of the problem before us. Some factors are biological, others are physical or chemical; single factors may dominate at any particular time. Some are directly lethal, others can lead to debilitation, physiological malfunction, or morphological abnormalities that render individuals more vulnerable to the effects of other factors.
