ABSTRACT
Flat-rolled products are classified into sheet, strip, and plate according to their width as well as their width-to-thickness ratio. Sheet metal forming is defined as the plastic deformation of flat sheet metal by tensile loads into a part of desired shape, without fracture or excessive thinning. The process may be simple, such as bending, deep drawing, and stretching, or a sequence of very complex operations, such as stamping involving several basic processes. Therefore, sheet metal forming involves many different processes, equipment, and practices, using sheet materials of various dimensions and properties [1-3]. A majority of sheet-metalforming processes is listed in Table 1 [ 4].
