ABSTRACT
Urinary incontinence is known to be a prevalent and often under-reported condition. The prevalence of urinary incontinence among nulliparous women ranged from 8 percent to 32 percent and increased with age. The incidence of urinary incontinence increases with increasing age. Elderly women have been found to have a reduced flow rate, increased urinary residuals, higher filling pressures, reduced bladder capacity and lower maximum voiding pressures. Several studies have been performed examining the impact of racial differences on the prevalence of urinary incontinence in women. Pregnancy is responsible for marked changes in the urinary tract and consequently lower urinary tract symptoms are more common and many are simply a reflection of normal physiological change. The incidence of urinary tract injury has been found to be higher during laparoscopic colposuspension than during the open operation. The principles of bladder retraining are based on the ability to suppress urinary urge and to extend the intervals between voiding.
