ABSTRACT
Abstract. Molt is a dynamic process occurring throughout much of the year in waterfowl. The molt of ight feathers by waterfowl, especially sea ducks, however, occurs over a compressed period of time and in specic areas used each year. We provide an overview of the ight feather molt of sea ducks. We focus on the need to molt and why, the timing and duration of ight feather molt, and the duration birds remain at molting areas; energetics of molt and strategies for managing energetic needs; molt migration; food resources and foraging
behavior; predation risks; temporal constraints and competition; response to disturbance; and molt habitats and seasonal differences in habitat used by sea ducks. We conclude by presenting and discussing data gaps and emphasize the continuing need for a holistic approach to sea duck management and international cooperation among countries.
