ABSTRACT
Military organizations have driven much of the research and development in ergonomics and human factors engineering and as a result have realized signifi cant benefi ts. During the past three decades, these organizations made signifi cant investments in development of digital human models as tools to enable human systems integration. Use of these models has resulted in earlier identifi cation of usability issues, increased opportunity to resolve those issues less expensively, and more eff ective and safer systems. In this chapter, we review these developments and discuss their application via case studies. Although military investment is certainly not limited to the United States Department of Defense (DoD), given the basis of our experience, this is our focus. Additional discussion of these developments and human systems integration can be found in, for example, Booher (1990, 2003) and Salvendy (2006).
