ABSTRACT
Transepicardial Injection Transepicardial injection of stem cells has been used to deliver stem cells to infarct border zones or areas of infarcted or scarred myocardium during open surgical revascularization procedures. Because this approach requires a sternotomy, it is highly invasive and associated with surgical morbidity. However, it could be easily justified during a planned open-heart procedure, especially since not all areas of the myocardium (such as the septum) can be reached using a direct external approach.
