ABSTRACT
Understanding the structure and the function of living cells and their interactions with their environments is essential to understand the “biological requirement” and the interactions of nanotherapeutic devices with living systems. Cells are alive and are the smallest units that exhibit the property of life. Cells are made of water, organic and inorganic ions, and organic molecules. Nanotechnology can be used for therapeutics due to the compatible sizes of proteins and nanoscale particles. Nanoporous membranes with 7 to 9 nm pores offer size-based exclusion and controlled diffusion of molecule drugs. The sol–gel method is used to produce colloidal nanoparticles from liquid phase, especially for oxide nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of many materials, such as organic, biological molecules, metals, and inorganic oxides, can be produced by chemical self-assembly technique. This technique can be used for attaching molecules to a specific surface of a substrate.
