ABSTRACT
DC-DC converters are called choppers in high-power applications. žey are used for DC motor control, for example, in battery-supplied vehicles and in di¦erent applications such as in electric cars, airplanes, and spaceships, where onboard-regulated DC power supplies are required. In general, DCDC converters are employed as power supplies in sensors, controllers, transducers, computers, commercial electronics, electronic instruments, as well as a variety of technologies that include plasma, arc, electron beam, electrolytic, nuclear physics, solar energy conversion, wind energy conversion, and the like. že power levels encountered in DC-DC converters range from (1) less than one watt, in DCDC converters within battery-operated portable equipment; (2) tens, hundreds, or thousands of watts in power supplies for computers and o¢ce equipment; (3) kilowatts to megawatts in variable speed motor drives; and (4) roughly 100 MW in the DC transmission lines, for example, o¦shore wind farms.
