S

Safety Slide: The line from derrickman’s platform to the ground, used in an emergency. Also called a Geronimo line. Safety Valve: (1) Various. Generally used in describing a surface or subsurface safety valve. (2) Pressure relief valve actuated by inlet pressure and characterized by rapid opening or pop action. Sag: Settling of particles in a ¤uid. SAGD: See Steam-assisted gravity drainage. Sail Angle: The planned inclination of the tangent section of a directional well. In a horizontal well, it would be 90° (±10°); in a build and hold or S well, it would be the tangent section; and in a slant well, it would be the inclination throughout. Salamander: Various, usually a heater. Sale for Resale: A sale of natural gas to a customer who will in turn sell that gas to someone else. Sales and Purchase Agreement: A denitive contract between a seller and a buyer for the sale and purchase of a quantity of natural gas or LNG for delivery during a specied period at a specied price. See Annual delivery program (ADP) and heads of agreement (HOA). Sales Gas: (1) Natural gas treated and conditioned to meet gas purchaser specications. (2) Various, but generally the gas sent to the pipeline after dehydrating, stripping, and sweetening. Sales Value: The proceeds received for the sale of the mineral. Saline Water: Water that is generally considered unsuitable for human consumption or for irrigation because of its high content of dissolved solids. Commonly expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L) of dissolved solids, with 35,000 mg/L dened as equivalent to seawater, slightly saline as 1,0003,000 mg/L, moderately saline as 3,000-10,000 mg/L, very saline as 10,00035,000 mg/L, and brine has more than 35,000 mg/L (after USGS, 1984). Salinity: One of many tests that measures, either directly or indirectly, the concentration of salt in a sample of water. Salinity Gradient: A plot of increasing salinity with depth to spot anomalies such as uplift and migration paths. Salinity Log: A type of log that measures salinity by use of gamma ray emission measurements from collisions of neutrons with chloride ions. SALM: See Single anchor leg mooring. Saltation: A particle movement method where the particle is carried in a series of short hops along a ¤ow path. Salt Bed Storage: Storage of ¤uids in a chamber mined or leached out of a salt deposit. Salt Bridging Material: Rock salt or granulated salt sized to construct a lter cake to control ¤uid loss. Salt (Brine): Specically sodium chloride but also may be a generic term for most water-soluble salts. Salt Cavern: (1) An underground cavern, developed usually by solution mining, for storage of gas or liquid products. (2) Solution mined in sufciently

thick salt formations-bedded salt or salt domes-penetrated by boreholes down to depths of 2000 m. The dimensions of the caverns normally extend to 300 m in height and 60 m in diameter, with volumes that generally range from 100, 000 to 800,000 m3. Salt Dome: (1) A subsurface mound or dome of salt. Two types of salt domes are recognized: the piercement and non-piercement. Piercement domes thrust upward into the formations above them, causing faulting; non-piercement domes are produced by local thickening of the salt beds and merely lift the overlying formations to form an anticline. (2) A usually large movement or intrusion of salt that gradually ¤ows through the rock. Can create reservoir traps and can create casing collapse problems. Salt Dome Storage Field: A subsurface storage facility that is a cavern hollowed out in either a salt “bed” or “dome” formation. Salt Water Disposal Well: Many wells produce salt water while producing oil. The disposal of this water is a problem to an operator because of pollution. The best solution to the problem is to pump the waste back into a formation that is deep enough not to pollute shallow water sands. Many stripper wells that are no longer commercial are converted for this purpose. Salt Water (Production): Any non-freshwater ¤ow. Saturated NaCl brine has a density of 9.9 lb/gal. Sample: A portion of a larger quantity used as representative of the whole. Sample Log: A record of rock cuttings (and some properties) that is made as the rock is being drilled. Sample Rate: The rate that data or samples are taken per unit of time. Sampson Post: The uprights on a beam lift (rod) pump jack that hold the bearing housings. SAM™: Sensor-activated module. Sand Bailer: A slickline tool used to place or remove sand or similar small grains from a wellbore. Sand Consolidation: One of various methods of consolidating the grains of an unconsolidated or weakly consolidated formation. Typically resin consolidation (epoxy, furan, or phenol formaldehyde) but may also include sodium silicate, coking, and mineral or metal precipitates. Sand Control: One of various mechanisms for controlling formation sand movement during ¤uid production from a weakly consolidated sandstone. Sand Control Screen: A sand-restraining device that is a mesh or wire wrapped screen wound over a base pipe with holes. Sandface: The downhole completion interface. Sand (Formation): Specically a sandstone but is also used in some texts as a general term for the pay zone. Sand Frac: A propped hydraulic fracture. Sand Free Rate (Production): The maximum production ¤ow rate that a weakly consolidated pay zone will produce without producing sand. Sanding Back: Laying a sand plug over the lower perfs to cover and protect them from another operation.