ABSTRACT
One of the major set of challenges in the constructed environment is the problem of ground incompetence such as inability of the natural ground to provide proper supporting capability for overlying structures, and vulnerability of slopes and ground to catastrophic ground movement due to metastability of the soil mantle. Failure to recognize the challenges or failure to properly account for potential hazardous and catastrophic natural or anthropogenic events can lead to geo-disasters. Chapter 10 has defined geo-disasters as disasters that occur in the land compartment of the geoenvironment as a result of natural and human-associated catastrophic events such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, landslides, embankment and dam failures, etc.
