ABSTRACT
In Brazil, about half of the total energy supplied comes from renewable sources, mainly hydroelectric power, sugarcane, and wood. Sugarcane bioenergy is very important in this context; in 2012, it accounted for 15.4% (43.6 Mtoe) of the national energy supply-slightly greater than the contribution of hydroelectric power (13.8%) (EPE 2013). In the road transport sector, the share
CONTENTS
17.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 331 17.2 Biofuel Production in Brazil ................................................................................................. 332
17.2.1 Ethanol from Sugarcane ........................................................................................... 332 17.2.2 Biodiesel ................................................................................................................... 332 17.2.3 Second-Generation Ethanol ...................................................................................... 333 17.2.4 Future Production Targets and Research Directions in Brazil ................................. 334
17.2.4.1 Biodiesel Perspectives ................................................................................ 334 17.2.4.2 Ethanol Perspectives .................................................................................. 334 17.2.4.3 Alternatives for Harvesting Extension in Sugarcane Bioreneries:
Sweet Sorghum and Forest Residues ......................................................... 335 17.3 Techno-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuel Options in Brazil ..................... 335
17.3.1 First-Generation Ethanol .......................................................................................... 336 17.3.2 Second-Generation Ethanol ...................................................................................... 336 17.3.3 Sweet Sorghum and Forest Residues for Harvesting Extension
in the Sugarcane Bioreneries .................................................................................. 338 17.3.4 Biodiesel ................................................................................................................... 338
17.4 Final Remarks ....................................................................................................................... 339 References ......................................................................................................................................340
of biofuels has been considerable: 25% in 2012 as anhydrous and hydrated ethanol (19.1 Mm³) and biodiesel (2.2 Mm³) (EPE 2013). The expanding biofuels global market has raised concerns about its effective sustainability (Nogueira and Capaz 2013).
