ABSTRACT
Heterogeneous catalysts have many advantages over homogenous ones, such as easy separation, recycling ability in successive runs with minimization of metal traces in the product, high selectivity, and so on (Ross 2011). Currently more attention is being paid to the development and catalytic applications of novel and reusable heterogeneous catalysts due to their environmental and economic considerations. Heterogeneous catalysis is being explored in ne chemical industries due to the need for environmentally friendly technology. The development of novel heterogeneous catalytic materials for the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds has become
9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 255 9.1.1 Nano-ZnO-Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds ......... 257 9.1.2 ZnO Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Miscellaneous Reactions .................. 257 9.1.3 Nano-ZnO-Catalyzed Synthesis of Various Heterocyclic
Compounds ....................................................................................... 257 9.1.3.1 Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic
Compounds ........................................................................ 258 9.1.3.2 Synthesis of Oxygen-Containing Heterocyclic
Compounds ........................................................................266 9.1.3.3 Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds.......270
