ABSTRACT

Major technological breakthroughs during the past two decades, such as the ultra-sensitive imaging detector (EMCCD), stable compact laser sources (solid state lasers), high performance objectives, and uorescent proteins, along with many other incremental advancements, have largely improved the performance of uorescence microscopy and made it even routine to image dynamic single molecules in live cells. Despite the tremendous improvements, the application of uorescence microscopy is still hindered due to its limited spatial resolution, imposed by the diffraction of light.