ABSTRACT
Despite being one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, strokes still elude an effective treatment (Go et al., 2013). Outside of the acute 4.5 h window, no approved therapeutic agents exist for ischemic stroke. Growing evidence has demonstrated the promise of stem cells as a novel stroke therapy and has resulted in a major effort to advance stem cell therapeutics to patient care. Stroke pathology offers a unique neurological disorder that may lend itself to stem cell therapy, because after the acute insult and associated changes, there is no ongoing neurodegenerative process preventing recovery. While the implications of a successful
Abstract .................................................................................................................. 427 25.1 Cell Type ....................................................................................................... 428
25.1.1 Endogenous Stem Cells .................................................................... 428 25.1.2 Exogenous Stem Cells ...................................................................... 429
25.1.2.1 Immortalized Cell Lines .................................................... 430 25.1.2.2 NPCs/Stem Cells................................................................ 430 25.1.2.3 Progenitor Cells Derived from Bone Marrow,
Umbilical Cord Blood, and Adipose Tissue ...................... 431 25.2 Mechanism of Action.................................................................................... 431
25.2.1 Neuroprotection ................................................................................ 433 25.2.2 Immunoregulation ............................................................................ 433 25.2.3 Augmentation of Endogenous Repair ............................................... 434 25.2.4 Angiogenesis ..................................................................................... 435 25.2.5 Integration ......................................................................................... 435
25.3 Route of Delivery .......................................................................................... 435 25.4 Timing .......................................................................................................... 437 25.5 Patient Selection............................................................................................ 437 25.6 Clinical Trials ............................................................................................... 438 25.7 Future of Cell-Based Stroke Therapies......................................................... 439 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................440 References ..............................................................................................................440
