ABSTRACT

Typically, communication between multiple computers in a data center occurs using common Ethernet cables, oen seen in the form of orange

CONTENTS 1.1 Supercomputing 101 1 1.2 e Dawn of Digital Electronics: 1930s-1940s 4 1.3 e Dawn of Supercomputing: 1950s-1970s 8 1.4 Growth and Commoditization of Supercomputing: 1980s-2000s 10 1.5 Supercomputers for Open Science and Open Engineering 12 1.6 Supercomputers for Industry 16 1.7 Modern Industrial Supercomputing 18 Additional Reading 20 References 21

or blue cables in homes and businesses. In supercomputing applications, even faster communication is used and highly proprietary communication schemes push speeds to 4-100 times the speeds of common Ethernet, using parallel, simultaneous data paths to push and pull data from CPUs to storage and memory and back.