ABSTRACT
Black fl ies (Diptera: Simuliidae) have long been recognized as one of the most widespread and troublesome pests of both man and animals. Their ability to vector causal agents of disease and to occur in enormous numbers has resulted in a wealth of research on simuliids. A major concern is their ability to transmit the fi larial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, the causal agent of human onchocerciasis. This disease affects vast areas of Africa and smaller regions of Central and South America. Research with black fl ies in both their vectorial and nuisance roles has resulted in signifi cant rearing efforts. The results of these efforts have led to the conclusion that, due to their unique ecology and behavior, black fl ies are one of the most diffi cult insects to rear in a laboratory setting (Edman and Simmons 1987). This fact is somewhat ironic for a group of insects whose immatures and adults inhabit such harsh and unpredictable habitats (Edman and Simmons 1985).
