ABSTRACT
In practical situations, axial tension or compression is probably the simplest form of deformation. This type of deformation is characterised by the following:
2.1 SIGN CONVENTION
A positive axial force (stress) is defined as a force (stress) that induces elongation (Figure 2.1a). A negative axial force (stress) is defined as a force (stress) that induces axial shortening (Figure 2.1b).
