ABSTRACT
Communication (RBNSiZeComm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
8.3.1 Preliminaries on Redundant Binary Number System . . . . . . . . 363
8.3.2 RBNSiZeComm Communication Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
8.3.3 Analysis of Energy Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
8.3.3.1 Generating Functions Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
8.3.3.2 Recurrence Relations Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
8.3.4 Physical Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
8.3.4.1 Representation of RBNS Encoded Numbers . . 384
8.3.4.2 Synchronization Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
8.3.4.3 Collision Avoidance Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
8.3.4.4 Effect of Device Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
8.3.5 Transceiver Design and Analysis for Noisy Channels . . . . . . . 390
8.3.5.1 Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
8.3.6 Performance Comparison with CtS and VarBaTaC . . . . . . . . . . 395
8.3.7 Performance Comparison with QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
8.3.7.1 Using Non-coherent Receiver Design . . . . . . . . . 397
8.3.7.2 Using Coherent Receiver Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
8.3.8 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
8.4 Ternary with Silent Symbol (TSS) Communication Protocol . . . . . . . . 402
8.4.1 Basic Idea and Algorithm Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
8.4.2 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
8.4.3 Non-coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
8.4.3.1 Energy Savings Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
8.4.4 Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
8.4.4.1 Energy Savings Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
8.5 Compression with Null Symbol (CNS) Communication Protocol . . . . 418
8.5.1 Preliminaries and Basic Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
8.5.2 Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
8.5.2.1 Representation of Encoded Numbers . . . . . . . . . 422
8.5.2.2 Mapping to Codewords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
8.5.2.3 Synchronization Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
8.5.2.4 Collision Avoidance Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
8.5.2.5 Effect of Device Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
8.5.3 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
8.5.3.1 Performance Comparison with CtS and
VarBaTaC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
8.5.3.2 Performance Comparison in a Noisy Channel . 434
8.5.3.3 Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
8.5.3.4 BER for Different SNR Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
8.5.3.5 Effect of Silent Symbols on Energy Savings . . 441
8.5.3.6 Effect of Data Compression on Energy Savings 442
8.5.4 Simulation Results with Real-life Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
8.6 Tri-Digit Fibonaccian Number System (TFNS) Communication
Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
8.6.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
8.6.2 Tri-digit Fibonaccian Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
8.6.2.1 Deriving TFNS Digit Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . 456
8.6.2.2 Computation of ν′0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
8.6.2.3 Computation of ν′1 and ν ′ 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
8.6.3 Energy-efficient Communication Using TFNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
8.6.3.1 Implementation of TFNS Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
8.6.3.2 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
8.6.3.3 Non-coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
8.6.3.4 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
8.6.3.5 Energy Savings Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
8.6.3.6 Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
8.6.3.7 Energy Savings Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
8.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Energy has become a buzz word in recent times. Worldwide resources for gen-
erating energy in conventional ways are limited. Scientists and technologists contin-
ually search for innovative techniques to produce energy from unconventional, but
safe sources including sunlight, tides, and winds. Other researchers are working on
techniques to reduce the energy consumed by real-life domestic and industrial appli-
cations.
