ABSTRACT
The biological processes of stress detection and response are crucial with respect to the physiological outcome as being hormetic, harmful, or lethal. In this context, the term stress is dened as a signal generated by any physical, chemical, or biological factor (stressor), which in a living system initiates a series of events both as an immediate stress response (SR) that can last from a few seconds to a few hours and as a delayed SR lasting for much longer before returning to nearbasal levels (Rattan 2008, 2012b; Demirovic and Rattan 2013). The immediate and late responses to external and internal stressors effectively determine the molecular, biochemical, and physiological stability in a dynamic and interactive manner. There are three main aspects of SR: (1) immediate SR involving receptors and intracellular signaling during the period of disturbance and exposure to stressors; (2) delayed SR involving sensors and modulators in the presence of stressors or after the removal of stressors; and (3) downstream effectors for counteracting the effects of disturbance and for reestablishing homeodynamics. At present, it is not completely understood how these three steps at the molecular level are maintained
12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 227 12.2 Heat Shock Response ....................................................................................228 12.3 Oxidative Stress Response ............................................................................ 231 12.4 Nutritional Stress Response .......................................................................... 232 12.5 Energy Stress Response ................................................................................ 233 12.6 DNA Damage Response ...............................................................................234 12.7 Unfolded Protein Response .......................................................................... 235 12.8 Inammatory Response ................................................................................ 236 12.9 Conclusions and Perspectives ....................................................................... 237 Acknowledgment ................................................................................................... 238 References .............................................................................................................. 238
interactively in terms of kinetics and intensity, and how these may alter during growth, development, and aging.
