ABSTRACT
Real-Time Screening Principles ....................................................... 162 9.3.2 Electrical Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing in Nanomedicine:
Cell Index as Decision-Making Parameter ....................................... 163 9.4 Atomic Force Microscopy in Nanomedicine ................................................ 165 9.5 Nanomedicine Methodology for Translation: Advantages and Limitations .................................................................................................... 169 9.6 Multiparametric Statistical Analysis and Graphical Display:
Heatmap Tables............................................................................................. 171 9.7 Conclusions and Future Directions ............................................................... 172 References .............................................................................................................. 173
Future innovation in nanomedicine is expected, in the next 10 years, to deliver solutions to many challenging problems faced by modern medicine in diagnostics and medical imaging of cancer,1 theranostics,2,3 pharmaceuticals,4 and regenerative medicine.5,6 To accelerate such process, there is the need to overcome some bottlenecks such as toxicity,7 biocompatibility,8 pharmacoefcacy,4,9 and life-cycle assessment10,11 of the engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) used as nanocarriers, nanovectors, or probes. Therefore, effective translation from research into industrial, clinical, marketable products is not going to happen until essential effort is invested into the comprehensive environmental, health, and safety characterization and assessment of the ENMs/ENPs to be used.10
