ABSTRACT
In 2009, the Water Environment Federation published a book, Manure Pathogens, edited by Dr. Dwight D. Bowman. This chapter updates the information presented in that book (Bowman 2009). The pathways of sources and transmission of pathogens from animals to humans are shown in Figure 9.1. If manure is not treated to destroy pathogens, then they can survive in the environment for a long time. Table 9.1 illustrates the survival times of several pathogens in the environment.
