ABSTRACT
Removal of water (and sediment) can be achieved by centrifugation if the sample is not a tight emulsion. Other methods that are used to remove water include
1. Heating in a pressure vessel to control loss of light ends 2. Addition of calcium chloride as recommended in ASTM D-1160 3. Addition of an azeotroping agent such as isopropanol or n-butanol 4. Removal of water in a preliminary low efficiency or flash distillation followed
reblending of the hydrocarbon that codistills with the water into the sample (see also IP
5. Separation of the water from the hydrocarbon distillate by freezing
the tests described in the following sections are based on the assumption that water has been reduced to an acceptable level, as usually defined by each standard test.
