ABSTRACT
In both these methods, the failure surface close to the wall is assumed as the part of a logarithmic spiral or a part of a circular arc with the top portion of the failure surface assumed as planar. This statement is valid for both cohesive and cohesionless materials. The methods are applicable for both horizontal and inclined backfill surfaces. However, in the following investigations it will be assumed that the surface of the backfill is horizontal.
