28

Fig. 11.28 gives the various forces acting on the wall under seismic conditions. All the other notations in Fig. 11.28 are the same as those in Fig. 11.25. The effect of increasing the slope angle f3 is to increase the passive resistance (Fig. 11.29). The influence of the friction angle of the soil (lfJ) on the passive resistance is illustrated the Fig. 11.30.