ABSTRACT
Realistic, high-resolution representation of random variations in the propagation medium, such as atmospheric turbulence, is a particularly important and challenging aspect of simulating wave propagation in the atmosphere, ocean, and other environments [437]. One approach is to employ a physics-based simulation of the propagation medium, such as a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a turbulent flow. Among the various classes of CFD, large-eddy simulation (LES) is generally most appropriate for capturing the dynamics of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer [129, 243, 255]. The main drawbacks of LES are its computational intensiveness (which may, in practice, far exceed the sound propagation calculation) and its limited resolution, which is typically no better than a few meters, and thus suitable only for sound propagation at low frequencies [417].
