welds has limited the use of sections in steel frames.

welds has limited the use of HSS sections in steel frames. Picard and Giroux (1977) developed moment connections by transferring the beam flange force to the hollow section column webs or to the opposite beam flange by means of strap angles welded to the sides of the HSS column and the beam flanges. Dawe and Grondin (1990) tested connections involving tension and compression plates with web clip angles or tension plates and seat angles welded to a doubler plate to reinforce the column walls. Meanwhile, Tabuchi et al (1988) and Kato et al (1981) used exterior diaphragms fitted and welded around the HSS column and the beam flanges.