ABSTRACT

Summary 24 5 7.1 Introductio n 24 5 7.2 Manufacturin g Effect s 25 1

7.2.1 Thicknes s variation s 25 1 7.2.2 Shap e variation s 25 1 7.2.3 Residua l stresse s 25 2 7.2.4 Materia l propertie s 25 3

7.3 Pressur e Stresse s 25 5 7.4 Dishe d End s Unde r Interna l Pressur e - A Brie f Historica l

Review 25 7 7.5 Shakedow n Behaviou r o f Torispherica l Head s 26 7

7.5.1 Shakedow n behaviou r o f hea d 3 2 26 8 7.5.2 Desig n an d proo f pressure s fo r hea d 3 2 26 9 7.5.3 Effec t o f proo f tes t 26 9 7.5.4 Effec t o f col d cree p 27 0

7.6 Bucklin g o f Internall y Pressurise d Dishe d End s 7.7. Othe r Nationa l Code s

273 283 283 284 284 286 287

7.7.1 A S M E code s 7.7.2 Germa n A D Merkblatte r B 3 cod e 7.7.3 Frenc h C O D A P cod e

7.8 Dishe d End s Unde r Externa l Pressur e References

This chapte r present s a backgroun d t o th e desig n rule s fo r dishe d ends . The developmen t o f thes e i s discusse d wit h referenc e t o wor k carrie d out i n Germany , Switzerland , th e US A an d th e UK . Th e influenc e o f the proof tes t and col d creep is investigated wit h referenc e t o recen t experi - mental work . Th e bucklin g o f dishe d end s du e t o interna l pressur e i s examined an d desig n equation s presented . Experimenta l result s ar e cite d which giv e justification t o th e B S 550 0 rule s fo r externa l pressur e loading .

The en d closure s o n pressurise d cylinder s ar e usuall y dishe d end s o f tori - spherical shap e (Fig . 7.1 ) althoug h sometime s hemispherica l o r ellipsoida l heads ar e employed . Hea d selectio n i s made o n a n economi c and/o r func - tional basis , an d som e application s i n whic h the y ar e utilise d ar e boile r drums, hea t exchangers , fermentatio n tank s i n breweries , oi l o r ga s storage tanks , th e foo d processin g industry , th e chemica l industry , th e nuclear industry , etc .