ABSTRACT
There is no doubt that design and construction of cut-and-cover metro structures can often present complexities which may neither be readily appreciated nor the solution to which tractable. The complexities may result from uncertainties and variabilities in one or more of the following:
• Parameters for the design • Loadings operative at different stages • Structural modelling and the boundary conditions • Progressive changes in ground and groundwater conditions • Behaviour of the structure during different stages of its construction.
