ABSTRACT
I. Introduction 36 II. Physical Chemistry of Bulk Water and Water Clusters 37
A. Introduction 37 B. Experimental techniques for the study of bulk water 38 C. Spectroscopic studies of water clusters 41
III. Role of Interfacial Water in Interparticle and Intermolecular Forces 43 A. Introduction 43 B. Rheological and colloid stability studies 44 C. Direct surface force measurements 54
IV. Spectroscopic Studies of Hydration 57 A. Introduction 57 B. Spectroscopic studies of colloid hydration 58 C. Spectroscopic studies of hydration in biological systems 60
V. Hydrophobic Hydration and the Role of Dissolved Gases in Colloidal Phenomena 62 A. Introduction 62 B. Water structure in the interfacial region 63 C. Role of dissolved gas in colloidal phenomena 64 D. Short-and long-range hydrophobic forces 66
VI. Influence of Electric, Magnetic, Electromagnetic, and Sonic Fields on Interfacial Water 69 A. Introduction 69 B. Experimental studies on the effects of fields on interfacial water 70
VII. Theoretical Studies of Bulk and Interfacial Water 73 References 75
I. INTRODUCTION
The structural and dynamical properties of water have long been studied but as yet are not fully understood [1-3]. Water is a natural solvent for colloidal and biological systems. Therefore understanding its structure and dynamics is of the foremost importance. In many common and relevant situations water is not in its bulk form but instead is attached to some substrates or filling small cavities [4]. The importance of such interfacial or con fined water is significant to numerous technological and biomedical problems such as corrosion and scale prevention, mining and mineral processing, oil recovery, waste water treatment, drinking water purification, pharmacology, and health care. Bound water has attracted considerable interest in recent years. Despite fast progress, old controversies that plagued this field for decades still exist [5]. Israelachvili and Wennerstrom stated in a recent review in Nature that extended layers of bound interfacial water do not exist and that water is just another small molecule [5]. Significant evidence collected by other authors points in another direction [6]. Yet it is still uncertain how important a role water indeed has in control of intermolecular and interparticle forces.
