ABSTRACT
The ability to procure or produce clean water is essential for health, energy, and security demands [1-4]. The following statistics on water quality effects emphasize the importance of advancing the science and technology to increase freshwater supplies. On the basis of World Health Organization (WHO) reports, nearly 2.4 million people die every year
CONTENTS
27.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................533 27.2 Review of Existing Water Desalination Methods ......................................................... 536
27.2.1 Theoretical Minimum Energy Requirement for Water Desalination ............ 536 27.2.2 Challenges to Desalination Processes ................................................................ 537 27.2.3 Common Separation Methods ............................................................................. 537
27.2.3.1 MSF Distillation ...................................................................................... 539 27.2.3.2 Multi-Effect Distillation ......................................................................... 539 27.2.3.3 Vapor Compression (VC) Processes .....................................................540 27.2.3.4 Reverse Osmosis...................................................................................... 541 27.2.3.5 Electrodialysis and Electrodialysis Reversal ......................................544 27.2.3.6 Challenges with Membrane Processes ................................................546
