ABSTRACT
ANIMALS WITH URINARY incontinence are presented either as juveniles with congenital causes or as adults with acquired causes of incontinence. These two groups are dealt with separately. The pathophysiology and treatment of the commonest cause of urinary
There is a species difference in that most canine ectopic ureters run an intramural route through the bladder wall, whereas those of cats are usually extramural to the bladder wall (411, 412). Incontinence may be continuous (see 3) or intermittent and, even in bilateral cases, normal micturition usually occurs. Diagnosis is by contrast radiography (see 31and 53) and/or ultrasonography, when a dilated intramural ureter (an ureterocoele) may be detected (see 235, 236,). Most ectopic ureters terminate in the urethra (in the male dog, they all terminate in the prostatic urethra); sometimes, they terminate in the vagina. Contrary to earlier opinion, there is no relationship between the side and the termination of ectopic ureters.
