ABSTRACT
Preface.................................................................................................................... xxi Author .................................................................................................................. xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Service Industry .................................................... 1
1.1 NAICS............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Employment in the Service Industry ............................................................. 2 1.3 Safety ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Why Trauma Prevention? .............................................................................. 5 1.5 Accidents or Incidents ................................................................................... 5 1.6 Comprehensive Accident Prevention............................................................. 6 1.7 Fatality and Injury Profile for the Service Industry....................................... 7 1.8 Occupational Illnesses in the Service Industry............................................ 10 References ............................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2 Educational Services.......................................................................... 13
2.1 Educational Services .................................................................................... 14 2.2 Profile of Educational Service Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses .... 16
2.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 16 2.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 16
2.3 Hazards Faced by Educational Services Workers ....................................... 16 2.4 Occupations.................................................................................................. 19 2.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 21 References ............................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 3 Health Care and Social Assistance .................................................... 23
3.1 Health Care .................................................................................................. 24 3.2 Social Assistance.......................................................................................... 26 3.3 Profile of Health Care and Social Assistance Workers’ Deaths,
Injuries, and Illnesses................................................................................... 27 3.3.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 27 3.3.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 27
3.4 Hazards Faced by Health and Social Care Service Workers ...................... 30 3.5 Occupations.................................................................................................. 30
3.5.1 Health Care Services......................................................................... 30 3.5.2 Social Assistance .............................................................................. 32
3.6 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 33 3.6.1 Health and Social Care Services....................................................... 34
References ............................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 4 Leisure and Hospitality Sectors......................................................... 37
4.1 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation............................................................ 38 4.1.1 Live Performances or Events............................................................ 38 4.1.2 Historical, Cultural, or Educational Exhibits.................................... 39 4.1.3 Recreation or Leisure Activities ....................................................... 39 4.1.4 Work Conditions............................................................................... 40
4.2 Profile of Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses...................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 41 4.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 42 4.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 42
4.3 Hazards Faced by Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Workers ............... 44 4.4 Occupations.................................................................................................. 45 4.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 49 Reference................................................................................................................. 50
Chapter 5 Accommodation and Food Services.................................................. 51
5.1 Hotels and Other Accommodations............................................................. 52 5.2 Food Services and Drinking Places ............................................................. 55 5.3 Profile of Accommodation and Food Services Workers’ Deaths,
Injuries, and Illnesses................................................................................... 57 5.3.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 57 5.3.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 57 5.3.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 58
5.4 Occupations.................................................................................................. 58 5.4.1 Hotels and Other Accommodations.................................................. 58 5.4.2 Food Services and Drinking Places .................................................. 62
5.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 64 Reference................................................................................................................. 66
Chapter 6 Other Services.................................................................................... 67
6.1 Maintenance and Repair Workers-General ............................................... 68 6.2 Building Cleaning Workers ......................................................................... 70 6.3 Profile of Other Services Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses............. 72
6.3.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 72 6.3.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 72 6.3.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 74
6.4 Hazards Faced by Other Services Workers ................................................. 75 6.5 Occupations.................................................................................................. 76 6.6 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 76 Reference................................................................................................................. 79
Chapter 7 Managing Safety and Health People Service Sectors ..................... 81
7.1 Principles of Management ........................................................................... 82 7.2 Safety and Health Program.......................................................................... 83
7.2.1 Reasons for Building a Safety and Health Program....................... 85 7.2.2 Building a Safety and Health Program........................................... 86 7.2.3 Other Required Written Programs .................................................. 86 7.2.4 OSHA Guidelines for a Safety and Health Program...................... 87 7.2.5 Safety and Health Program Elements ............................................. 88
7.3 Summary ...................................................................................................... 92
Chapter 8 Summary of 29 CFR 1910 .............................................................. 93
8.1 Part 1910-Occupational Safety and Health Standards .............................. 94 8.1.1 Subpart A-General........................................................................ 94 8.1.2 Subpart B-Adoption and Extension of Established
Federal Standards............................................................................ 94 8.1.3 Subpart C-[Removed and Reserved]............................................ 95 8.1.4 Subpart D-Walking-Working Surfaces ....................................... 95 8.1.5 Subpart E-Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans,
and Fire Prevention Plans ............................................................... 97 8.1.6 Subpart F-Powered Platforms, Manlifts,
and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platforms........................................... 98 8.1.7 Subpart G-Occupational Health and Environmental Control ...... 99 8.1.8 Subpart H-Hazardous Materials ................................................... 99 8.1.9 Subpart I-Personal Protective Equipment .................................. 101 8.1.10 Subpart J-General Environmental Controls ............................... 102 8.1.11 Subpart K-Medical and First Aid............................................... 103 8.1.12 Subpart L-Fire Protection........................................................... 103 8.1.13 Subpart M-Compressed-Gas
and Compressed-Air Equipment................................................... 104 8.1.14 Subpart N-Materials Handling and Storage ............................... 105 8.1.15 Subpart O-Machinery and Machine Guarding........................... 106 8.1.16 Subpart P-Hand and Portable Powered Tools
and Other Handheld Equipment ................................................... 107 8.1.17 Subpart Q-Welding, Cutting, and Brazing................................. 108 8.1.18 Subpart R-Special Industries...................................................... 109 8.1.19 Subpart S-Electrical.................................................................... 110 8.1.20 Subpart T-Commercial Diving Operations ................................ 112 8.1.21 Subparts U-Y [Reserved] ............................................................. 113 8.1.22 Subpart Z-Toxic and Hazardous Substances ............................. 113
Chapter 9 Safety Hazards ............................................................................... 115
9.1 Hazard Identification................................................................................ 115 9.2 Worksite Hazard Analysis ....................................................................... 117 9.3 Training on Hazard Identification............................................................ 117 9.4 Worksite Hazard Identification ................................................................ 118 9.5 Hazard Assessment Guide ....................................................................... 119
9.5.1 Organize the Data ....................................................................... 120 9.5.2 Analyze the Data......................................................................... 120 9.5.3 Selection of Controls .................................................................. 120 9.5.4 Fitting the PPE............................................................................ 121 9.5.5 Reassessment of the Hazards...................................................... 121
9.6 Controlling Hazards ................................................................................. 122 9.6.1 Managing the Safety Controls .................................................... 122 9.6.2 Technical Aspects of Hazard Control......................................... 123
9.7 Source Control ......................................................................................... 124 9.7.1 Elimination.................................................................................. 124 9.7.2 Substitution ................................................................................. 124 9.7.3 Redesign...................................................................................... 124 9.7.4 Isolation....................................................................................... 124 9.7.5 Automation ................................................................................. 124
9.8 Control along the Path from the Hazard to the Worker ........................................................................................... 124 9.8.1 Barriers........................................................................................ 125 9.8.2 Absorption................................................................................... 125 9.8.3 Dilution ....................................................................................... 125
9.9 Control at the Level of the Worker ......................................................... 125 9.9.1 Administrative Controls .............................................................. 125 9.9.2 Work Procedures, Training, and Supervision............................. 125 9.9.3 Emergency Planning ................................................................... 126 9.9.4 Housekeeping, Repair, and Maintenance Programs ................... 126 9.9.5 Hygiene Practices and Facilities ................................................. 126 9.9.6 Selecting Controls ....................................................................... 126
9.10 Personal Protective Equipment ................................................................ 126 9.10.1 Eye and Face Protection ............................................................. 127 9.10.2 Head Protection........................................................................... 127 9.10.3 Foot Protection............................................................................ 127 9.10.4 Hand Protection .......................................................................... 127 9.10.5 Upper=Lower Body Protection ................................................... 128 9.10.6 Cleaning and Maintenance.......................................................... 128
9.11 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Controls................................................. 128 9.12 Summary .................................................................................................. 128
9.12.1 Job Safety Assessment................................................................ 129 9.12.2 Controls....................................................................................... 129 9.12.3 Accident Reporting ..................................................................... 130
9.12.4 Incident Reporting Procedures.................................................. 131 9.12.5 Training..................................................................................... 131 9.12.6 Program Audits ......................................................................... 131
Chapter 10 Health Hazards............................................................................... 133
10.1 Identifying Health Hazards ...................................................................... 134 10.1.1 Prepare a List of Known Health Hazards in the Workplace .... 134 10.1.2 Review Floor Plans and Work Process Diagrams.................... 135 10.1.3 Interview Workers, Supervisors, and Managers....................... 135 10.1.4 Use Your Five Senses............................................................... 135 10.1.5 Quick Health Hazard Identification Checklist .......................... 135 10.1.6 Health Hazards Assessment...................................................... 136
10.2 Chemical Hazards .................................................................................... 136 10.3 Biological Hazards................................................................................... 136 10.4 Physical Health Hazards .......................................................................... 137
10.4.1 Noise ......................................................................................... 138 10.4.2 Vibration ................................................................................... 138 10.4.3 Heat and Cold ........................................................................... 138 10.4.4 Radiation ................................................................................... 138
10.5 Ergonomic Hazards.................................................................................. 139 10.5.1 Stress Hazards ........................................................................... 140
10.6 Summary .................................................................................................. 141
Chapter 11 Biological Safety ........................................................................... 143
11.1 Biosafety Levels....................................................................................... 143 11.1.1 Biosafety Level 1...................................................................... 143 11.1.2 Biosafety Level 2...................................................................... 144 11.1.3 Biosafety Level 3...................................................................... 144 11.1.4 Biosafety Level 4...................................................................... 144
11.2 Requirements of Biosafety Level 1 ......................................................... 145 11.2.1 Standard Microbiological Practices for BSL-1......................... 145 11.2.2 Safety Equipment for BSL-1 .................................................... 145 11.2.3 Facilities for BSL-1 .................................................................. 145
11.3 Biosafety Level 2 Requirements.............................................................. 146 11.3.1 Standard Microbiological Practices for BSL-2......................... 146 11.3.2 Special Practices for BSL-2...................................................... 147 11.3.3 Safety Equipment for BSL-2 .................................................... 148 11.3.4 Facilities (Secondary Barriers) for BSL-2 ................................ 149
11.4 Biological Spills....................................................................................... 149 11.4.1 Decontamination of Spills ........................................................ 151 11.4.2 Biological Spill on a Person ..................................................... 152
11.5 Infectious Waste Management................................................................. 152 11.5.1 Separation and Packaging of Infectious Waste ........................ 152 11.5.2 Storage and Transport of Infectious Waste .............................. 153
11.5.3 Infectious Waste Treatment .................................................... 153 11.5.4 Steam Sterilization .................................................................. 153 11.5.5 Incineration ............................................................................. 153 11.5.6 Chemical Disinfection............................................................. 153
11.6 Bloodborne Pathogens ........................................................................... 154
Chapter 12 Chemical Safety............................................................................. 159
12.1 Hazardous Chemicals............................................................................. 159 12.1.1 Ignitability ............................................................................... 160 12.1.2 Corrosivity .............................................................................. 160 12.1.3 Reactivity ................................................................................ 160
12.2 Definition of a Hazardous Chemical ..................................................... 161 12.2.1 Health Hazard ......................................................................... 161 12.2.2 Physical Hazard ...................................................................... 161 12.2.3 Additional Hazardous Chemicals ........................................... 161
12.3 Chemical Hazards .................................................................................. 161 12.4 Toxic Effects .......................................................................................... 162
12.4.1 Other Types of Toxins............................................................ 163 12.4.2 Carcinogens............................................................................. 163
12.5 Working with Toxins ............................................................................. 169 12.5.1 Guidelines for Using Toxins................................................... 170 12.5.2 Guidelines for Using Acute Toxins ........................................ 171 12.5.3 Guidelines for Using Chronic Chemicals, Carcinogens,
and Reproductive Toxins ........................................................ 172 12.6 Storing Hazardous Chemicals................................................................ 173
12.6.1 Storage Facilities..................................................................... 173 12.6.2 Inspection of Stored Chemicals .............................................. 174 12.6.3 Refrigerator Storage ................................................................ 175
12.7 Transportation of Hazardous Chemicals................................................ 175 12.7.1 Use Secondary Containers ...................................................... 175
12.8 Chemical Waste Management ............................................................... 175 12.8.1 Storage .................................................................................... 176 12.8.2 Waste Minimization................................................................ 176
12.9 Hazardous Chemical Emergency Procedures ........................................ 176 12.9.1 Procedures for Spills of Volatile, Toxic,
or Flammable Materials .......................................................... 176 12.9.2 Incidental Spills ...................................................................... 177 12.9.3 Major Spills............................................................................. 178
12.10 Worker Contamination........................................................................... 178 12.10.1 Chemical Spill on a Worker ................................................... 178 12.10.2 Procedure for Cryogenic Liquid Spill on a Person ................ 179
12.11 Chemicals and Worker Health............................................................... 179 12.11.1 Medical Surveillance............................................................... 179 12.11.2 Medical Consultation and Evaluation..................................... 180
Chapter 13 Preventing Musculoskeletal Disorders ........................................ 183
13.1 Musculoskeletal Disorders ..................................................................... 183 13.2 Organized Approach .............................................................................. 184
13.2.1 Provide Management Support ................................................ 184 13.2.2 Involve Employees.................................................................. 185 13.2.3 Identify Problems.................................................................... 185 13.2.4 Implement Solutions ............................................................... 187
13.3 Back and Back Injuries.......................................................................... 190 13.3.1 Factors Associated with Back Disorders ................................ 191 13.3.2 Types of Injuries from Lifting Tasks...................................... 192 13.3.3 Inherent Hazards ..................................................................... 193
13.4 Prevention and Control .......................................................................... 193 13.4.1 Engineering Controls .............................................................. 193 13.4.2 Work Practices ........................................................................ 194 13.4.3 Adjustment to Work ............................................................... 194 13.4.4 Other Solutions ....................................................................... 195
13.5 Summary ................................................................................................ 197 13.5.1 Lifting ..................................................................................... 197
Chapter 14 Electrical Safety ............................................................................. 199
14.1 Electrical Dangers .................................................................................. 199 14.2 Electrical Pathways ................................................................................ 200 14.3 Result of Electrical Contact ................................................................... 200 14.4 Voltage ................................................................................................... 201 14.5 Current ................................................................................................... 202 14.6 Electrical Burns...................................................................................... 203
14.6.1 Voltage Burns ......................................................................... 203 14.6.2 Arcing Burns........................................................................... 204 14.6.3 Thermal Burns ........................................................................ 204
14.7 Handling Electrical Hazards .................................................................. 204 14.7.1 Identify Hazards...................................................................... 204 14.7.2 Evaluate Hazards .................................................................... 204 14.7.3 Control Hazards ...................................................................... 204
14.8 Identifying Hazards................................................................................ 205 14.9 Specific Hazards..................................................................................... 206
14.9.1 Inadequate Wiring Hazards..................................................... 206 14.9.2 Exposed Electrical Parts Hazards ........................................... 206 14.9.3 Overhead Power Line Hazards ............................................... 206 14.9.4 Defective Insulation Hazards .................................................. 207 14.9.5 Improper Grounding Hazards ................................................. 207 14.9.6 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter............................................. 208 14.9.7 Overload Hazards.................................................................... 208 14.9.8 Wet Conditions Hazards ......................................................... 209
14.10 Safe Use of Electrical Power Tools....................................................... 209 14.11 Safe Use of Power Cords....................................................................... 210 14.12 Applicable OSHA Regulations .............................................................. 210
14.12.1 Electrical (29 CFR 1910.303, .304, .305, .331, and .333) ..... 210 14.13 Summary ................................................................................................ 212
Chapter 15 Emergency and Fire Safety ........................................................... 215
15.1 Emergency Action Plans........................................................................ 216 15.1.1 Chain of Command................................................................. 217 15.1.2 Emergency Response Teams .................................................. 217 15.1.3 Response Activities................................................................. 218 15.1.4 Training................................................................................... 218 15.1.5 Personal Protection ................................................................. 219 15.1.6 Medical Assistance ................................................................. 219
15.2 Exits and Exit Routes ............................................................................ 219 15.2.1 Requirements for Exits ........................................................... 220 15.2.2 Safety Features for Exit Routes .............................................. 220 15.2.3 Design and Construction Requirements ................................. 221
15.3 Fire Prevention Plans ............................................................................. 221 15.4 Portable Fire Suppression Equipment.................................................... 222
15.4.1 Scope, Application, and Definitions-1910.155 .................... 222 15.4.2 Fire Brigades-1910.156........................................................ 223 15.4.3 Portable Fire Extinguishers-1910.157.................................. 224 15.4.4 Standpipe and Hose Systems-1910.158............................... 225 15.4.5 Fixed Fire Suppression Equipment-1910.159...................... 227 15.4.6 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, General-1910.160................ 227 15.4.7 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Dry Chemical-1910.161...... 228 15.4.8 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Gaseous Agent-1910.162 .... 228 15.4.9 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Water Spray
and Foam-1910.163 ............................................................. 229 15.4.10 Fire Detection Systems-1910.164 ........................................ 229 15.4.11 Employee Alarm Systems-1910.165.................................... 229
15.5 Fire Protection Summary ....................................................................... 230 15.6 Fire Protection Techniques .................................................................... 231
15.6.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids..................................... 231 15.6.2 Electricity ................................................................................ 232 15.6.3 Housekeeping.......................................................................... 232 15.6.4 Hot Work ................................................................................ 232 15.6.5 Checklist ................................................................................. 233
Chapter 16 Hot Processes................................................................................. 235
16.1 Physiology of Hot Processes ................................................................. 236 16.1.1 Safety Problems ...................................................................... 237 16.1.2 Health Problems...................................................................... 237
16.2 Physical Effects of Hot Processes............................................................ 239 16.2.1 General Hazards.......................................................................... 239 16.2.2 Identifying Burn Hazards............................................................ 240
16.3 Prevention of Hot Process Accidents ...................................................... 241 16.3.1 Lessening Hot Process Conditions ............................................. 242 16.3.2 Controlling Thermal Conditions ................................................. 243 16.3.3 Protective Clothing ..................................................................... 243 16.3.4 Special Considerations................................................................ 244 16.3.5 Protection against Hazards.......................................................... 244 16.3.6 Safety Practices and Procedures ................................................. 246
16.4 Hot Processes in the Service Industry ..................................................... 248 16.5 Summary of OSHA Regulations ............................................................. 248 16.6 Checklist for Hot Processes ..................................................................... 249 16.7 Summary .................................................................................................. 250
Chapter 17 Ionizing Radiation ......................................................................... 251
17.1 Ionizing Radiation.................................................................................... 251 17.2 Types of Radiation................................................................................... 253
17.2.1 Alpha Particles ............................................................................ 253 17.2.2 Beta Particles .............................................................................. 254 17.2.3 Gamma Rays=X-Rays ................................................................. 255 17.2.4 Neutron Particles......................................................................... 256
17.3 Sources of Radiation................................................................................ 257 17.3.1 Natural Radiation ........................................................................ 257 17.3.2 Man-Made Radiation .................................................................. 257 17.3.3 Sources of Exposure ................................................................... 257
17.4 Preventing Exposures from Ionizing Radiation....................................... 258 17.4.1 Exposure and Dose ..................................................................... 259 17.4.2 External Radiation Protection ..................................................... 260 17.4.3 Internal Exposure Protection....................................................... 261 17.4.4 Preventive Steps.......................................................................... 262
17.5 Human Exposure Outcomes .................................................................... 262 17.5.1 Health Effects of Radiation Exposure ........................................ 262 17.5.2 Results of Exposure .................................................................... 263 17.5.3 Chronic Exposure ....................................................................... 263 17.5.4 Acute Exposure........................................................................... 263 17.5.5 Risks of Health Effects ............................................................... 265 17.5.6 Personal Monitoring.................................................................... 266
17.6 Training.................................................................................................... 267 17.7 Radiation Areas........................................................................................ 268 17.8 Specific Emergency Procedures............................................................... 270 17.9 Summary of Applicable Regulations....................................................... 271
17.9.1 Summary ..................................................................................... 271
Chapter 18 Machine=Equipment Safeguarding ................................................ 273
18.1 Machine=Equipment Safeguarding ........................................................ 273 18.2 Principles for Machine Guarding........................................................... 273 18.3 Conducting an Assessment .................................................................... 274 18.4 Guidance on Assessing Machine=Equipment Safeguards ..................... 275
18.4.1 Assessing Safeguarding Risks ................................................ 275 18.4.2 Evaluating Effectiveness of Safeguards.................................. 275 18.4.3 Assessing Management of Safeguards ................................... 277 18.4.4 Further Machine-Related Issues.............................................. 277 18.4.5 Control and Machines............................................................. 278 18.4.6 Operator Training.................................................................... 278
18.5 Typical Machines=Equipment Requiring Safeguards .............................................................................................. 279
18.6 Safeguards .............................................................................................. 280 18.7 Areas to be Safeguarded ........................................................................ 280
18.7.1 Danger Point or Zone ............................................................. 281 18.7.2 Point of Operation................................................................... 281 18.7.3 Power Transmission Device ................................................... 281 18.7.4 Lockout ................................................................................... 282
18.8 Types of Safeguards............................................................................... 282 18.8.1 Barrier Guards......................................................................... 282 18.8.2 Redundant Safeguards ............................................................ 282
18.9 Controls and Control Systems ............................................................... 283 18.10 Control System Function ....................................................................... 283 18.11 Types of Control Devices ...................................................................... 283
18.11.1 Presence-Sensing Devices....................................................... 284 18.11.2 Two-Hand Control Devices .................................................... 284 18.11.3 Brake Monitor......................................................................... 285 18.11.4 Restraint=Pull Back Device .................................................... 285 18.11.5 Location=Distance ................................................................... 286
18.12 Training.................................................................................................. 286 18.13 Maintenance ........................................................................................... 286 18.14 Enforcement ........................................................................................... 286 18.15 Periodic Review ..................................................................................... 286 18.16 Applicable OSHA Regulations .............................................................. 287
18.16.1 Machine Guarding (29 CFR 1910.212 and 219).................... 287 18.16.2 Mechanical Power Presses (29 CFR 1910.217) ..................... 288 18.16.3 Power Transmission Equipment Guarding
(29 CFR 1910.219) ................................................................. 288 18.17 Summary ................................................................................................ 289
Chapter 19 Nonionizing Radiation................................................................... 291
19.1 Nonionizing Radiation ........................................................................... 291 19.1.1 Understanding and Evaluating Nonionizing
Radiation Hazards ..................................................................... 292 19.1.2 Biological Effects...................................................................... 293 19.1.3 Other Areas of Concern with NIR............................................ 293 19.1.4 Personal Protection for NIR...................................................... 295
19.2 Visible Light Radiation.......................................................................... 295 19.3 Lasers ..................................................................................................... 296
19.3.1 Laser Health Issues ................................................................... 299 19.3.2 Laser Protective Equipment ...................................................... 300 19.3.3 Laser Radiation ......................................................................... 302
19.4 Noncoherent Light Source Safety.......................................................... 303 19.5 Ultraviolet Radiation.............................................................................. 303
19.5.1 Ultraviolet Skin Hazards........................................................... 304 19.5.2 Ultraviolet Eye Hazards............................................................ 305
19.6 Infrared Radiation .................................................................................. 305 19.6.1 Infrared Radiation Hazards ....................................................... 305
19.7 Microwave and Radiofrequency Radiation Safety ................................ 306 19.7.1 Microwave=RF Radiation Sources............................................ 306 19.7.2 Factors Affecting Exposure to Microwave=RF Radiation........ 306 19.7.3 Potential Biological Effects of Exposure
to Microwave=RF Radiation ..................................................... 307 19.7.4 Standards for Microwave=RF Radiation
Exposure Protection .................................................................. 307 19.7.5 Antennas and Antenna Arrays .................................................. 307 19.7.6 Wireless Local Area Networks ................................................. 307 19.7.7 Other Potential Microwave=RF Radiation Sources
(Leakage Sources)..................................................................... 307 19.7.8 Microwave Ovens ..................................................................... 308 19.7.9 Power Supplies ......................................................................... 309
19.8 Extremely Low-Frequency Radiation Safety......................................... 309 19.8.1 ELF Radiation........................................................................... 309 19.8.2 ELF Potential Human Health Hazards ..................................... 309 19.8.3 Protection Standards for ELF Exposure ................................... 310 19.8.4 Normal ELF Field..................................................................... 310
19.9 Static Magnetic Field Safety.................................................................. 310 19.9.1 Factors Affecting Static Magnetic Field Hazards..................... 310 19.9.2 Biological Effects of Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields ....... 311 19.9.3 Kinetic Energy Hazards ............................................................ 311 19.9.4 Standards for Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields ................... 311 19.9.5 Magnetic Field Measurements .................................................. 311 19.9.6 Posting of Magnetic Field Hazards .......................................... 312 19.9.7 Access Restrictions ................................................................... 312 19.9.8 Use of NIR Hazard Signs and Warning Labels ....................... 312
19.10 Summary ................................................................................................ 312
Chapter 20 Visitor=Client Safety and Health ................................................... 315
20.1 Walk Through .......................................................................................... 316 20.2 Hazard Identification................................................................................ 316
20.2.1 Weather ..................................................................................... 317 20.2.2 Traffic........................................................................................ 317 20.2.3 Parking ...................................................................................... 317 20.2.4 Hazardous Processes ................................................................. 317 20.2.5 Emergencies .............................................................................. 317 20.2.6 Chemicals.................................................................................. 318 20.2.7 Radiation ................................................................................... 318 20.2.8 Excessive Noise ........................................................................ 319 20.2.9 Fire ............................................................................................ 319 20.2.10 Violence=Weapons.................................................................... 319 20.2.11 Other Hazards ........................................................................... 320
20.3 Other Controls.......................................................................................... 320 20.3.1 Housekeeping............................................................................ 320 20.3.2 Signage...................................................................................... 320 20.3.3 Handrails ................................................................................... 321 20.3.4 Maintenance .............................................................................. 321
20.4 Training.................................................................................................... 321 20.5 OSHA Applicable Regulations ................................................................ 321
Chapter 21 Personal Protective Equipment...................................................... 323
21.1 Personal Protective Equipment and Hazard Prevention .......................... 324 21.1.1 Requirement for PPE ................................................................ 325 21.1.2 Hazard Assessment ................................................................... 325
21.2 Selecting PPE........................................................................................... 326 21.3 Training Employees in the Proper Use of PPE ....................................... 327 21.4 Eye and Face Protection .......................................................................... 328
21.4.1 Prescription Lenses ................................................................... 328 21.4.2 Eye Protection for Exposed Workers ....................................... 328 21.4.3 Types of Eye Protection ........................................................... 329
21.5 Unique Eye Protection ............................................................................. 331 21.5.1 Welding Operations .................................................................. 331 21.5.2 Laser Operations ....................................................................... 331
21.6 Head Protection........................................................................................ 332 21.6.1 Types of Hard Hats................................................................... 333 21.6.2 Size and Care Considerations ................................................... 333
21.7 Foot and Leg Protection .......................................................................... 334 21.8 Special Purpose Shoes ............................................................................. 336
21.8.1 Care of Protective Footwear ..................................................... 336 21.9 Hand and Arm Protection ........................................................................ 337
21.9.1 Types of Protective Gloves....................................................... 337 21.9.2 Leather, Canvas, or Metal Mesh Gloves .................................. 338
21.9.3 Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves ............................................. 338 21.9.4 Chemical-and Liquid-Resistant Gloves ................................... 338
21.10 Body Protection ..................................................................................... 339 21.11 Hearing Protection ................................................................................. 340 21.12 Respiratory Protection............................................................................ 342
Chapter 22 Workplace Security and Violence ................................................. 343
22.1 Risk Factors ........................................................................................... 344 22.2 Prevention Strategies.............................................................................. 344
22.2.1 Environmental Designs ............................................................. 344 22.2.2 Administrative Controls ............................................................ 345 22.2.3 Behavioral Strategies ................................................................ 346 22.2.4 Perpetrator and Victim Profile .................................................. 346
22.3 Cost of Violence .................................................................................... 347 22.4 Prevention Efforts .................................................................................. 347 22.5 Program Development and Essential Elements ..................................... 348
22.5.1 Management Commitment and Employee Involvement .......... 348 22.5.1.1 Commitment by Top Management ........................... 348 22.5.1.2 Employee Involvement ............................................. 349
22.5.2 Hazard Identification and Analysis........................................... 350 22.5.2.1 Record Review.......................................................... 350 22.5.2.2 Identification of Security Hazards............................. 350
22.5.3 Hazard Prevention and Control ................................................ 351 22.5.3.1 General Building, Work Station,
and Area Designs ...................................................... 351 22.5.3.2 Maintenance .............................................................. 352 22.5.3.3 Engineering Control .................................................. 353 22.5.3.4 Administrative Controls and Work Practices............ 355
22.5.4 Training and Education............................................................. 357 22.5.4.1 Training Program ...................................................... 358 22.5.4.2 Job-Specific Training ................................................ 359 22.5.4.3 Initial Training Program............................................ 359 22.5.4.4 Training for Supervisors and Managers,
Maintenance and Security Personnel ........................ 359 22.5.5 Medical Management................................................................ 360 22.5.6 Recordkeeping .......................................................................... 362 22.5.7 Evaluation of the Program........................................................ 363
22.6 Types of Workplace Violence Events ................................................... 364 22.6.1 Type I Events............................................................................ 365
22.6.1.1 Prevention Strategies for Type I Events ................... 365 22.6.2 Type II Events........................................................................... 366
22.6.2.1 Prevention Strategies for Type II Events .................. 367 22.6.3 Type III Events ......................................................................... 368
22.6.3.1 Prevention Strategies for Type III Events................. 368
22.6.4 Types I, II, and III Violence Events Checklist ......................... 369 22.6.4.1 Pre-Event Measures................................................... 369
Chapter 23 Other Hazards ................................................................................ 373
23.1 Aisles and Passageways (29 CFR 1910.17, .22, and .176)................... 373 23.2 Compressors and Compressed Air (29 CFR 1910.242) ........................ 373 23.3 Compressed-Gas Cylinders (29 CFR 1910.101 and .253) .................... 374 23.4 Compressed Gases (29 CFR 1910.101, .102, .103, .104,
.106, and .253) ....................................................................................... 375 23.5 Control of Hazardous Energy Sources [Lockout=Tagout]
(29 CFR 1910.147) ................................................................................ 376 23.6 Elevated Surfaces ................................................................................... 378 23.7 Flammable and Combustible Liquids (29 CFR 1910.106) ................... 378 23.8 Flammable and Combustible Materials ................................................. 379 23.9 Floors [General Conditions] (29 CFR 1910.22 and .23)....................... 379 23.10 Forklift Trucks (Powered Industrial Trucks) (29 CFR 1910.178) ........ 380 23.11 Hand Tools (29 CFR 1910.242) ............................................................ 381 23.12 Housekeeping (29 CFR 1910.22) .......................................................... 382 23.13 Ladders, Fixed (29 CFR 1910.27)......................................................... 382 23.14 Ladders, Portable (29 CFR 1910.25 and .26)........................................ 384 23.15 Material Handling (29 CFR 1910.176) ................................................. 386 23.16 Motor Vehicle Safety............................................................................. 386 23.17 Portable (Power-Operated) Tools and Equipment
(29 CFR 1910.243) ................................................................................ 387 23.18 Pressure Vessels (29 CFR 1910.106, .216, and .217)........................... 390 23.19 Railings (29 CFR 1910.23).................................................................... 392 23.20 Scaffolds (29 CFR 1910.28) .................................................................. 393 23.21 Skylights (29 CFR 1910.23).................................................................. 393 23.22 Spray-Finishing Operations (29 CFR 1910.107)................................... 393 23.23 Stairs, Fixed Industrial (29 CFR 1910.23 and .24) ............................... 394 23.24 Storage (29 CFR 1910.176)................................................................... 395 23.25 Tire Inflation .......................................................................................... 396 23.26 Toeboards (29 CFR 1910.23) ................................................................ 396 23.27 Transporting Employees and Materials ................................................. 396 23.28 Walking=Working Surfaces (29 CFR 1910.21 and .22) ....................... 397 23.29 Welding, Cutting, and Brazing (29 CFR 1910.251, .252, .253, .254,
and .255) ................................................................................................ 397
Chapter 24 Summary........................................................................................ 399
24.1 Biological Hazards................................................................................. 399 24.2 Bloodborne Pathogens ........................................................................... 400 24.3 Chemicals............................................................................................... 401 24.4 Compressed-Gas Cylinders (CGCs) ...................................................... 401 24.5 Electrical ................................................................................................ 402
24.6 Emergency Response and Planning....................................................... 404 24.7 Ergonomics ............................................................................................ 405
24.7.1 Manual Material Handling...................................................... 405 24.7.2 Physical Energy Demands ...................................................... 405 24.7.3 Other Musculoskeletal Demands ............................................ 406 24.7.4 Computer Workstation............................................................ 406 24.7.5 Environment............................................................................ 406 24.7.6 General Workplace ................................................................. 406 24.7.7 Tools ....................................................................................... 407 24.7.8 Gloves ..................................................................................... 407 24.7.9 Administration ........................................................................ 407
24.8 Fire Protection and Prevention .............................................................. 407 24.9 Hazard Communication ......................................................................... 409 24.10 Heat Hazards .......................................................................................... 410 24.11 Ionizing Radiation.................................................................................. 410 24.12 Machine Guarding and Safety ............................................................... 410 24.13 Material Handling .................................................................................. 412
24.13.1 Material-Handling Equipment ................................................ 412 24.13.2 Storage Areas .......................................................................... 412 24.13.3 Housekeeping.......................................................................... 413
24.14 Means of Exit......................................................................................... 413 24.15 Medical Services and First Aid ............................................................. 413 24.16 Nonionizing Radiation ........................................................................... 414 24.17 PPE......................................................................................................... 414 24.18 Security .................................................................................................. 415 24.19 Slips, Trips, and Falls ............................................................................ 416 24.20 Violence ................................................................................................. 416 24.21 Walking-Working Surfaces ................................................................... 416
24.21.1 Walkways................................................................................ 417 24.21.2 Floor and Wall Openings........................................................ 417 24.21.3 Stairs and Stairways................................................................ 418 24.21.4 Elevated Surfaces.................................................................... 419
Appendix A Common Exposures or Accident Types ...................................... 421
A.1 Accident Types ...................................................................................... 421 A.1.1 Struck-Against Types of Accidents ........................................ 421 A.1.2 Struck-By Types of Accidents................................................ 421 A.1.3 Contact-By and Contact-With Types of Accidents ................ 422 A.1.4 Caught-In and Caught-On Types of Accidents ...................... 422 A.1.5 Caught-Between Types of Accidents ..................................... 422 A.1.6 Fall-to-Same-Level and Fall-to-Below Types of Accidents... 422 A.1.7 Overexertion and Exposure Types of Accidents .................... 423
Appendix B Glove Selection Chart .................................................................. 425
Appendix C Workplace Security Program ....................................................... 429
C.1 Responsibility ............................................................................................ 429 C.2 Compliance................................................................................................ 429 C.3 Communication ......................................................................................... 430 C.4 Hazard Assessment.................................................................................... 431 C.5 Incident Investigations .............................................................................. 432 C.6 Hazard Correction ..................................................................................... 433 C.7 Training and Instruction ............................................................................ 434
Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 437
Index ..................................................................................................................... 441
