ABSTRACT

Historically, environmental monitoring programs have tended to focus on organic chemicals, particularly those that are known to resist degradation, bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of organisms, and have a known adverse toxicological effect. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (https://chm.pops.int) identified several classes of chemicals of environmental concern-chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dioxins, and furans-and later developed policy criteria leading to the worldwide limitation or ban on the use of a dozen

11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 199 11.2 Sampling Methods ........................................................................................ 201

11.2.1 Development of a Sampling Plan...................................................... 201 11.2.2 Traditional Sampling Techniques .....................................................203