ABSTRACT
Electromagnetic Quantities and Corresponding SI Units (Symbol-Quantity-Unit) ................. 342 21.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 342 21.2 Electrodynamic Effects of EMF Exposure .......................................................................... 343
21.2.1 Direct Exposure Effects: Induced Electric Field and Electric Current, Electromagnetic Energy Absorption ........................................................................ 343
21.2.2 Indirect Exposure Effects: Contact Currents, Transient Discharges, Ferromagnetic Flying Objects, Medical Implants .................................................... 343
21.3 EMF-Related Hazards ..........................................................................................................344 21.3.1 Electrostimulation .....................................................................................................344 21.3.2 Thermal Effects ........................................................................................................ 345 21.3.3 Electronic Device Malfunctions ............................................................................... 345 21.3.4 Flying Objects ...........................................................................................................346 21.3.5 Delayed Health Hazards Related to Overexposure or Chronic Exposure ................346
21.4 Medical Applicators Emitting Relatively Strong EMF ........................................................ 347 21.4.1 Short-Wave Diathermy Devices ................................................................................ 347 21.4.2 Microwave Diathermy Devices ................................................................................ 347 21.4.3 Long-Wave Diathermy Devices ................................................................................ 349 21.4.4 Magnetotherapeutic Applicators ............................................................................... 349 21.4.5 Ultrasound Therapy Units ........................................................................................ 349 21.4.6 Electrosurgery Units ................................................................................................. 349 21.4.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanners ................................................................... 350
21.5 Characteristics of EMF Hazards near Medical Applicators ................................................ 350 21.5.1 EMF Hazards near Physiotherapeutic Devices ........................................................ 351 21.5.2 EMF Hazards near Electrosurgery Units ................................................................. 352 21.5.3 EMF Hazards near MRI Scanners ........................................................................... 353
21.6 EMF Assessment Criteria ..................................................................................................... 355 21.6.1 Limitations to General Public and Workers’ Exposure ............................................ 355 21.6.2 Limits regarding the EMF Impact on Medical Devices (Including AIMD) ............ 356 21.6.3 Safety Rules regarding AIMD Users’ Exposure to EMF ......................................... 357
21.7 Conclusions Regarding the Scale of EMF Hazards near Various Medical Applications ........ 357 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 358 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 359 References ...................................................................................................................................... 359
