ABSTRACT
Programs are an amalgamation of different projects that are connected with a strategic goal. Complex programs require a variety of concepts in order to address the economic issues related to the program. Ultimately, a successful program is one that realizes its benefit and is completed on or below budget. Although time is a consideration, if the target budget is achieved, this is a major achievement for any program. In order to achieve successful economic results in a program, one needs to consider all the life-cycle costs of the program. Most programs consider the costs of the program, but one must always consider the recovery costs associated with any long-term program. To this end, one needs to consider both the forward logistics and the reverse logistics of a program.
