ABSTRACT
Comminution is the oldest mechanical unit operation for size reduction of solid materials and an important step in many processes where raw materials are converted into intermediate or fi nal products. The purposes of comminution are to reduce the size, to increase the surface area, and to free the useful materials from their matrices, and it is involved recently in modifi cation of the surface of solids, preparation of the composite materials, and recycling of useful components from industrial wastes. Comminution has a long history, but it is still diffi cult to control particle size and its distribution. Hence, fundamental analysis and optimum operation have been investigated.
