ABSTRACT
The cell signaling theory was developed from the analysis of signal transduction from extracellular signals to intracellular effector molecules via G-protein coupled receptors by Rodbell and Gilman. Perinatal asphyxia-induced brain injury is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in term and preterm neonates, accounting for 23% of neonatal deaths globally. Cells in the substantia nigra are among the most vulnerable cells in the brain due to a relative deficiency in neuroprotective factors, such as the antioxidant glutathione, and because they are exposed to a high level of oxidative stress due to the presence of dopaminergic metabolism and other factors. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older adults, affecting more than 4 million people in the United States and almost 30 million worldwide. AD is the most common form of dementia and characterized by deposition of amyloid-ß (Aß) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and progressive neurodegeneration.
