ABSTRACT
Introduction 752
Separation Techniques 753
Physicochemical Methods 753
Extractions 753
Distillations 754
Sublimations 754
Chromatographic Methods 754
Gas Chromatography 754
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 755
Headspace (Purge and Trap) 755
Ion Chromatography 755
Identification Techniques 755
Chemical Methods 755
Chromatographic Methods 756
Gas Chromatography/Retention Time 756 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Data System 756 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Retention Time 756 Headspace/Gas Chromatography/Retention Time 756
Spectroscopic Methods 756
Mass Spectrometry 756
Infrared Spectroscopy 757
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 757
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 757
In Vitro Sun Protection Factor Analyzers 758
New Analytical Techniques 758
GC and GC/MS Ancillary Methods 760 Fast GC 760
GC Racer 760
Retention Time Locking 760
Programmable Temperature Vaporizing Inlet 761
Simplified 2-D GC 761
Solid Phase Microextraction 761
Gerstel Twister and Thermodesorption 762
Mass Spectrometer-Selective Ion Monitoring 762
Atomic Emission Detector 762
HPLC Ancillary Methods 763
Fast HPLC 763
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 763 Other Methods 763
Supercritical Fluid Extraction 763
Inductively Coupled Plasma 763
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 764
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (Auger Electron) 764
Conclusions 764
References 765
INTRODUCTION
Excessive exposure to the harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun leads to pre-
mature aging of the skin, photoallergies, and ultimately, malignant melanoma
and skin cancer (this volume, chapters by Nelson and Diffey). The increased
use of UV filters for protection has become of paramount importance in our
daily lives. Scientists have been busy during the last two decades researching
novel ingredients and techniques to reduce the spiraling statistics in the prolifer-
ation of skin cancer, estimated today to top 1.5 million new cases annually in
the USA alone. Primary to this research effort has been the development of
new ultraviolet filters. Both organic sunscreens and inorganic sunscreens have
been developed and incorporated into a variety of cosmetic formulations contain-
ing a plethora of other ingredients to enhance and boost protection.
