ABSTRACT
In this chapter we discuss some Po´lya urns and some new Po´lya-like schemes that find uses and applications in various biosciences, such as evolution of species and health science. Hoppe’s urn scheme captures the essence of the popular Wright-Fisher model for a Mendelian theory of evolution, where big changes occur abruptly via mutation, rather than gradually as in the Darwinian theory. Po´lya urn models like the standard ones we encountered in previous chapters, and variations thereupon, find sound applications in topics of bio and health sciences such as epidemiology, ecology, and clinical trials.
