ABSTRACT
Inammatory Stress ................................................................................... 328 12.4 Effect of a High-Fat, High-Carbohydrate (HFHC) Meal on Putative
Mediators of Insulin Resistance ................................................................. 329 12.4.1 Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 (SOCS-3) ............................. 329 12.4.2 Pro-Inammatory Kinases ........................................................... 329 12.4.3 Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs).......................................................... 329 12.4.4 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) ................................. 330 12.5 Effect of a HFHC Meal on Vascular Reactivity ......................................... 331 12.6 Effect of a Fat Infusion on Vascular Reactivity and Blood Pressure ......... 331 12.7 The Effect of Repeated Meals .................................................................... 331 12.8 Reversal of Oxidative and Inammatory Stress with Caloric
Restriction and Weight Loss ...................................................................... 332 12.9 High-Fat Diet in Experimental Animals .................................................... 332 12.10 Anti-Inammatory Foods ........................................................................... 334 12.11 Acute Endotoxemia and Insulin Resistance ............................................... 334 12.12 The Role of Physical Inactivity and Exercise ............................................. 335 12.13 Novel Actions of Insulin and Insulin Resistance ........................................ 336 12.14 Future Directions for Research ................................................................... 336 12.15 The Rational Management of Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic
Syndrome ................................................................................................... 337
Excessive consumption of macronutrients is an essential part of the causation and maintenance of obesity. Since being overweight and obese are associated with excessive caloric consumption, and the latter is becoming universal, dependent largely on affordability of food, we need to examine the effects of excessive food consumption. Excessive caloric consumption is a practice not only in Western countries, but is now also a rapidly growing problem in developing countries with increasing prosperity.
