ABSTRACT
Introduction 219
The Chemistry of “Dry” SC 221
Water 221
Humectants 222
Lipids 222
Chemistry and Use of Moisturizers 224
Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers 224
Humectants 226
Protection of Moisturizers 227
Influence of Moisturizers on Skin Chemistry 227
Skin Structure and Desquamation 228
Influence of Moisturizers on Skin Structure and Desquamation 228
The Barrier Function of SC 232
Influence of Moisturizers on Skin Barrier Function 233
Concluding Remarks 235
References 236
INTRODUCTION
Dry and chapped skin is a common problem both in healthy individuals and in
patients with skin diseases. Dry skin might be connected to some inherited
disorders relating to the structure and function of the epidermis, for example,
ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, and may also be secondary to other diseases, for
example, diabetes or renal failure. Moreover, the condition can occur in response
to the environment with low humidity and/or low temperature. The behavior also contributes to dry skin, and exposure to solvents, cutting fluids, surfactants,
acids, and alkalis may produce dryness. There are several features that give an
impression of dry skin, Table 1 (1-4). The dermatologist and the affected
person can judge visible and tactile characteristics of the skin surface. The
affected person can also perceive sensory feelings of dryness, and instruments
can be used to analyse changes in the chemical and functional characteristics,
Table 1.
