ABSTRACT
In modern society, applications of magnetic materials can be found almost everywhere and our daily life is intimately connected to magnetism and magnetic materials. e most noteworthy impact of magnetism occurs via information transport and data storage devices, which mostly consist of arti cially nanostructured magnetic materials. Here, arti cially structured materials refer to the materials which are made into either reduced dimensions such as two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin lms, onedimensional (1D) wires, and zero-dimensional (0D) dots or assemblies of these low-dimensional structures such as multilayers, wire arrays, and dot arrays. Interesting phenomena come about by the imposed spatial con nement, which is comparable in size to some internal length scale of the material used, as spin di usion length, carrier mean free path, magnetic domain extension, and domain wall width (Osborn 1945; Daughton 1999; Shi et al. 1999; Kirk et al. 2001; Shen and Kirschner 2002). Magnetic nanostructures by virtue of their extremely small size possess very di erent properties from their parent bulk materials.
