ABSTRACT
Many di erent ways of transduction exist, such as electrochemical, electromechanical, electroacoustical, photoelectric, electromagnetic, magnetic, electrostatic, thermoelectric, electric, and mechanical transductions. In a biosensor, a biological transduction element is combined with a physicochemical detection element. e sensitive biological part may consist of biological materials such as tissues, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, antibodies, or nucleic acids. e sensor element responds with a speci c signal, such as changes in electric potential, electrical current, conductance or impedance, the intensity and the phase of electromagnetic radiation, and also in mass, temperature, viscosity, strain, or stress.
