ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the use of surface x-ray scattering techniques to determine the structures of ordered mineral crystals and organic surfaces, to detect amorphous phases, and investigates the roles of surface charge and stereochemistry. It shows x-rays can be used not only to elucidate the role of lattice matching but to characterize amorphous phases and to explore the roles played by surface charge and stereochemistry. The chapter describes each of the techniques in turn and summarizes the results of some x-ray scattering experiments that probe not just the template or just the nucleated crystals but both. Examination using various imaging methods may result in neglecting irregular clumps, invisibly small crystals, or otherwise unidenti able objects and drawing conclusions instead from attractive but nonrepresentative images. The right side illustrates the scattering of the x-rays from the monolayer domains and the nucleating crystals.
