ABSTRACT
During OLED operation, electrons are injected from the cathode, and are transported through multiple organic layers to the anode. Along their path, electrons traverse several
5 .1 Importance of Charge-Injection Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5 .2 Meaning of “Energy-Level Alignment” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
5 .3 Types of Charge-Injection Buffer Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5 .3 .1 Anode Buffer Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
